Enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes are the two most frequently isolated pathogens from nosocomial infections among the enterobacter genus 1 x 1 sanders, we and sanders, cc. Molecular epidemiological study of nosocomial enterobacter. Nosocomial infections george washington university. Clinical and bacteriological study of nosocomial infections due to. Klein, in infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn seventh edition, 2011. Enterobacter aerogenes is often spread by crosscontamination from surgery or consistant treatment in hospitals for patients who use catheters. Enterobacter species are increasingly a cause of nosocomial meningitis among neurosurgery patients, but risk factors for these infections are not well defined. Prior in vitro studies have also supported the activity of cefepime against these isolates 16, 17.
Enterics are responsible for a majority of nosocomial infections. Enterobacteriaceae they are capable of causing opportunistic infections in. Enterobacter cloacae infections are common among burn victims, immunocompromised patients, and patients with malignancy. Hus, on the other hand, has a mortality rate of 35% even with. This family includes e coli, salmonella, shigella and klebsiella. Enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes are part of the normal. Frontiers malditof ms identification and clustering. Nosocomial outbreaks have also been associated with colonization of certain surgical equipment and operative cleaning. Klebsiella aerogenes, previously known as enterobacter aerogenes, is a gramnegative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, citrate positive, indole negative, rodshaped bacterium. Pdf clinical and bacteriological study of nosocomial infections. Recently, carbapenem resistant isolates carrying the blakpc gene were described and their clonal transmission in different nosocomial outbreaks reported. Transmission of enterobacter aerogenes septicemia in. Emergence of enterobacter aerogenes as a major antibiotic.
Pathogenic enterobacter can cause any of a variety of conditions, including eye and skin infections, meningitis, bacteremia bacterial blood infection, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Signs and symptoms of enterobacter aerogenes infections. These organisms belong to the normal digestive flora of humans and are opportunistic pathogens, colonizing and infecting mainly debilitated patients 1,2. Matching was based on the apache ii classification system. Cefepime vs other antibacterial agents for the treatment of. Enterobacter aerogenes is a hospitalacquired and pathogenic bacterium that causes infections. The majority of the infections are etiologically due to inadvertent transfer of bacteria during surgery or prolonged treatment in hospitals in patients who use venous or urethral catheters. Enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes are the two most frequently isolated pathogens from nosocomial infections among the enterobacter genus. Enterobacter aerogenes is capable of causing nosocomial outbreaks of septicemia in nicu. A hospitalwide, casebased surveillance program for bloodstream infections was used for the retrospective search for icu patients with nosocomial enterobacter bacteremia. Infections with klebsiella, enterobacter, and serratia are often hospitalacquired and occur mainly in patients with diminished resistance. Enterobacter species can also cause various communityacquired infections.
It has been found to live in various wastes, hygienic chemicals, and soil. Enterobacter aerogenes enterobacter aerogenes is a gramnegative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, rodshaped, nosocomial and pathogenic bacterium that causes opportunistic infections in skin and other tissues. Risk factors for nosocomial enterobacter infections include hospitalization of greater than 2 weeks, invasive procedures in the past 72 hours, treatment with antibiotics in the past 30 days, and the presence of a central venous catheter. These organisms belong to the normal digestive flora of humans and are opportunistic pathogens, colonizing and infecting mainly debilitated patients 1, 2. Epidemiology of infections due to multiresistant enterobacter aerogenes in an university hospital. Donnenberg, in mandell, douglas, and bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases eighth edition, 2015. Enterobacter aerogenes, a component of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract, is a significant nosocomial pathogen and a common cause of iatrogenic bacteremia hidron et al. Enterobacter species, particularly enterobacter cloacae, are important nosocomial pathogens responsible for various infections, including bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and softtissue infections, urinary tract infections utis, endocarditis, intraabdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cns, and ophthalmic infections. Nosocomial infection outbreak with enterobacter aerogenes at a. Low birthweight infants with associated perinatal risk factors appear to be predisposed. Enterobacter species, particularly enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes, are important nosocomial pathogens responsible for various infections. Enterobacterial infections can be produced by bacteria that normally live in the human digestive tract without causing serious disease, or by bacteria that enter from the outside. Nosocomial bacterial infections are an important cause of morbidity and.
Control patients were selected from the same period. National nosocomial infections surveillance system. Enterobacter aerogenes is a nosocomial and pathogenic bacterium that causes opportunistic infections. Enterobacter species infectious disease and antimicrobial. In the clinical setting, enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter cloacae are the most frequently isolated in samples of infected hospitalized patients. Characteristics enterobacter aerogenes is a gramnegative. Enterobacterial infections definition of enterobacterial. In this casecontrol study we describe epidemiological characteristics and evaluate risk factors for bacteremias caused by a rare human pathogen enterobacter gergoviae, and enterobacter aerogenes, among neonates in the intensive care unit, under conditions of nosocomial outbreak. Significance for infections in hospitals and in the outpatient sector. Enterobacter aerogenes is recognized as an important bacterial pathogen in hospitalacquired infections. Using data from the national nosocomial infection surveillance nnis survey from the centers for disease control cdc, collected between 1992 and 1999, fridkin reported that enterobacter was the fifth leading cause of icu infections in the united states and third most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia overall. Pdf enterobacter aerogenes strains resistant to imipenem were isolated in 10 patients, 7 of whom had received imipenemcilastatin. Jul 10, 2011 enterobacter aerogenes important nosocomial pathogen e. Enterobacter aerogenes is nosocomial, meaning it is contracted by treatment in a hospital and that healthy people are typically not at risk for infection.
This report describes two unusual cases of septicemia caused by e. Enterobacter aerogenes strains resistant to imipenem were isolated in 10 patients, 7 of whom had received imipenemcilastatin. In 1995, the rate of isolation of enterobacter aerogenes in the saintpierre university hospital in brussels, belgium, was higher than that in the preceding years. About two million patients per year in the united states are estimated to acquire nosocomial infections approximately 5% to 10% of the total hospital population acquire such infections. Background of enterobacter species enterobacter species, particularly enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes, are important nosocomial pathogens responsible for various infections, including bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and softtissue infections, urinary tract infections utis, endocarditis, intraabdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmic infections. Every patient whose icu stay was complicated with enterobacter bacteremia was used in the analysis. Specific risk factors for infection with nosocomial multidrugresistant strains of enterobacter species include the recent use of broadspectrum. Jun 18, 2019 enterobacter infections can include bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and softtissue infections, urinary tract infections utis, endocarditis, intraabdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cns infections, and ophthalmic infections. Frontiers enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter cloacae. Enterobacter is a genus of the family enterobacteriaceae, consisting of common gramnegative, facultative anaerobic, rodshaped, nonsporeforming bacteria.
Jun 18, 2019 enterobacter species can also cause various communityacquired infections, including utis, skin and softtissue infections, and wound infections, among others. Infections are especially common in patients who have received antimicrobial therapy and in those in intensive care units. It has been found to live in various wastes, hygienic chemicals. Enterobacter infections can include bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and softtissue infections, urinary tract infections utis, endocarditis, intraabdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cns infections, and ophthalmic infections. In this study, the relative numbers of enterobacter species, their antimicrobial susceptibility along 3 years of observation and the. The bacterium can cause pneumonia, septicaemia, urinary tract and wound infections and, in newborns, meningitis. The sensitivity patterns of the isolates highlight the capability of e. Enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes are the two most frequently isolated pathogens from nosocomial infections among the enterobacter genus l. Enterobacter spp pathogens poised to flourish at the turn of the century. Enterobacter aerogenes, also known as aerobacter aerogenes, is a member of the enterobacteriaceae family. Specific risk factors for infection with nosocomial multidrugresistant strains of enterobacter species include the recent use of.
Enterobacter in general, including enterobacter cloacae, has only recently been perceived as a pathogen related to nosocomial infections hospital infections. Intraabdominal infections enterobacter species may be isolated together with colonic flora in intraabdominal. Clinical and bacteriological study of nosocomial infections. These three bacteria can cause a wide variety of infections, including bacteremia, surgical site infections, intravascular catheter infections, and respiratory or urinary tract infections that manifest as pneumonia, cystitis, or pyelonephritis and that may. Bsci 424 pathogenic microbiology enterobacteriaceae. Kpcproducing enterobacter aerogenes infection article pdf available in the brazilian journal of infectious diseases. Pdf enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter cloacae. Pdf enterobacter aerogenes is recognized as an important bacterial pathogen in hospitalacquired infections. The bacterium is approximately microns in length, and is capable of motility via peritrichous flagella. All of the strains overproduced a chromosomal cephalosporinase and lost a major outer membrane protein with a size of about 40 kda. Enterobacter description, characteristics, species. The genus enterobacter is one of the members of the family enterobacteriaceae and consists of species 8.
Prognosis the prognosis for most enterobacterial infections is good. A second study of critically ill patients with enterobacter aerogenes blood stream infections n 43 found equivalent rates of bacterial clearance and mortality and reduced antibiotic exposure with cefepime vs carbapenem use. Enterobacter species and pantoea enterobacter agglomerans. Evaluation of outcome in critically ill patients with.
These three bacteria can cause a wide variety of infections, including bacteremia, surgical site infections, intravascular catheter infections, and respiratory or urinary tract infections that manifest as pneumonia, cystitis, or pyelonephritis. Enterobacter aerogenes outbreak in a neonatal intensive. Among them, enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes are the most frequently isolated species, causing infections in hospitalized and debilitated patients 10, 29. What is enterbacter aerogene i have tested for mild growth of the bacteria ive been on a 19 day coarse of antibiotic ceftin which did nothing i feel it has worsened a bit in to my upper gums of my teeth and maybe in my ear i still have a lot of. Enterobacter infections can necessitate prolonged hospitalization, multiple. Three species of enterobacterenterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, and enterobacter sakazakiiare responsible for the vast majority of enterobacter infections of humans.
Enterobacter aerogenes primarily causes nosocomial infections, being passed from one compromised patient to another. Enterobacter aerogenes cuverro antimicrobial copper surfaces. Some strains can become very treatment resistant, a result of their colonization within hospital environments. Nosocomial infections hospitalacquired infections infections acquired in the hospital infection was neither present nor incubating when admitted 2 million infections in 1995 in usa 90,000 deaths may range from mild to serious including death although acquired in the hospitalmay appear after discharge from hospital. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1011k, or click on a. We evaluated 16 patients with kpcproducing enterobacter aerogenes infections, detailing the site of infection, therapy, clinical and epidemiological data. Characteristics enterobacter aerogenes is a gramnegative stains pink with the gram stain bacteria. It is a gramnegative rod shaped bacteria that is increasingly more resistant to antibiotics. Enterobacter microorganisms cause important bacterial infections in humans. Enterobacter aerogenes outbreak in a neonatal intensive care. Clinical and bacteriological study of nosocomial infections due to enterobacter aerogenes resistant to imipenem. Enterobacter aerogenes was isolated for the first time in our neonatal intensive care unit nicu from blood culture of a 5.
Outbreak of nosocomial bacteremias, caused by enterobacter. Risk factors for nosocomial enterobacter infections include hospitalization of greater than 2 weeks, invasive procedures in the past 72 hours, treatment with antibiotics in the past 30. Abstracts of the 97th general meeting of the american society for microbiology 1997. Enterobacter is a genus of a common gramnegative, facultative anaerobic, rodshaped, nonsporeforming bacteria belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter aerogenes strains resistant to imipenem were isolated in 10 patients.
Pantoea agglomerans, formerly known as enterobacter agglomerans, is also a common isolate and is grouped with the enterobacter spp. Three species of enterobacter enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, and enterobacter sakazakiiare responsible for the vast majority of enterobacter infections of humans. In many cases these infections are nosocomial, which means that they can be acquired in the hospital. Most commonly these infections are manifested as nosocomial urinary tract or pulmonary infections. In general, the prognosis of cre infections ranges from fair to poor. Nosocomial pathogens can cause lifethreatening infections in neonates and immunocompromised patients. The strains were differentiated by biotype, antibiotype, and plasmid content. The genus enterobacter is one of the members of the family enterobacteriaceae and consists of species.
Pdf transmission of enterobacter aerogenes septicemia in. Enterobacter, nosocomial infection, national nosocomial infection surveillance system. Microbiology legend cycle 43 organism 5 enterobacter aerogenes. Enterobacter aerogenes an overview sciencedirect topics. Two of its well known species, enterobacter aerogenes and e.
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